Since the onset of puberty depends largely upon body weight, ewe lambs should be provided adequate levels of nutrition to reach at least two-thirds of mature weight before breeding. The female reproductive system is supplied primarily with autonomic nerves. The Female Reproductive System Like the male, the female mammal has a complex system of organs that compose the repro-ductive system. The middle layer is connective tissue interspersed with smooth muscle fibers, whichgives the cervix its firm and inelastic properties. A primary follical is agerm cell surrounded by a single layer of follicle (granulosa)cells.They are located in the oarencyma and are frequently seen in groups called egg nests.It is estimated that approximately 75,000 primary follicles are found in the ovaries of a young calf.With continual follicular growth and maturation throughout her reproductive life,an old cew may have only 2500 potential ova.Some potential ova reach full maturity and are released into the duct system for possible fertilization and development of offspring.Most start development and become atretic (i.e.,they degenerate).Therdore,the potential harvest of that could produce offspring is far greater than is actually realized. The vulva, or external genitalia,consist of the vestibule with related parts and the labia. There are 70 to 120 such cotyledonary attachments in a pregnant cow in late pregnancy. In a Holstein heifer between 1 and 4 days of the cycle,the average diameter of the corpus luteum is 8mm.Between 5 and 9 days,it has grown to an average of 15mm. Therefore,one ovum is produced each estous cycle. It is thick-walled and inelastic,the anterior end being continuous with the body of the uterus while the posterior end protrudes into the vagina.For most farm species the length will range from 5 to 10 cm with an outside diameter of 2 to 5 cm.It contains a canal which is the opening into the uterus. Producers must be familiar with these various organs and their functions to ensure successful reproductive development of their … The major environmental factor controlling the estrous cycle is the photoperiod. The endometrium, the mucosal lining of the uterus,is more complex than the rest of the duct system and has simple glands.estrogens increase the vascularity and cause a thickening of the endometruim.in addition,estrogens stimulate growth of the endometrial glands. However, spensory nerves are found the region of the vulva,especially the clitoral region. New Mexico State University is an equal opportunity/affirmative action employer and educator. Animal Health Fact Sheet REPRODUCTIVE DISEASES OF SHEEP Clell V. Bagley, DVM, Extension Veterinarian Utah State University, Logan UT 84322-5600 July 1997 AH/Sheep/15 Diseases which reduce the reproduction rate are common in Utah flocks. The female reproductive system consists of a pair of ovaries that produce egg cells or ovaand fallopian tubes where fertilisation occurs and which carry the fertilised ovum to the uterus. Before the embryo becomes attached to the uterus the nourishment comes from yolk within the embtyo or from uterine milk which is secreted by glands in the mucosal layer of the uterus.After attachment to the uterus,nutrients and waste products are conveyed between materal and embryonic, or fetal, blood by way of the placenta. Comparison of sheep treated with T (aromatizable androgen) from days 30 to 90 of gestation (T30-90 females) with those treated from days 60-90 of gestation (T60-90 females) has helped address critical period of programming of reproductive and metabolic disruptions. Your email address will not be published. The anatomy sections below describe the sexual and reproductive organs present, outside and inside the goat’s body, as well as their functions in both females and males. Identify the parts of the female reproductive system. The duct system includes the oviducts,uterus,cervix,vagina,and vulva. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM . The myometrium,the middle layer,is composed of two thin longitudinal layers of smooth muscle,with thicker cicular layer sandwiched between.estrogens increase the tone of the myometrium, causing the uterus to feelmore flaccid. Thecal cella and the capillay network are acquired as the follicle enlarges and pushes into the medulla.A basement membrane separates the theca interna from the innermost cell layer,the granulosa cells,and prevents entry of the vascular syatem into these cells. The fiber, meat, and dairy production capabilities of sheep and goats, along with their adaptability to various production schemes, position them to have a major impact on feeding and clothing the world. The mare has a biparitite uterus. The clitoris,homologous to the glans penis in the male,is located ventrally and about one cm inside the labia. Interest in the circulatory patterns of the reproductive tract has increased in recent years since the discovery that the uterus,  by release of prostaglandin F2¥á (PGF2¥á),controls the life of the corpus luteum.Prostaglandin F2¥á is luteolytic(causes the regression of the corpus luteum)but is reality oxidized,and about 90% is destroyed during one passage through the pulmonary circulation.it did not seem likely that PGF2¥á,if released into the systemic circulation(uterus¡æveins¡æheart and lungs¡æarteries¡æovaries), could be responsible for luteolysis(regression of the corpus luteum).Now there is evidence of a counter current circulation pattern,whereby PGF2¥á diffuses from the utero-ovarian vein into the ovarian artery, thus eaching the ovary by a local rather than a systemic route. During pregnancy in mares,the fetal body extends into both horns,whereas the fetuses do not occupy the uterine body in the bicornate types. The vagina is tubular in shape,thin-walled and quite elastic.It is from 25 to 30 cm in length in the cow and mare,and 10 to 15 cm in length in the sow, doe, and ewe. This layer of cornified cells at the time of estrus may serve as a lubricating or protective mechaniasm which prevents abrasions during copulation. In the sow, ewe,and cow the ovarian artery is in close apposition to the utero-ovarian vein9. Teat, sheep. They aries from embryonic gut tissue and then migrate to the cortex of the embryonic gonad.Just beneath the sureace epithelium is a thin,dense layer of the connective tissue,the tunica albuginea ovarii.Bolow the tunica albuginea ovarii is the parenchyma,known as the functional because it contains ovarian follicles and the cells which produce ovarian hormones. Select from a list the different functions of the parts of the male reproductive system. This is the period when ewes normally do not demonstrate estrus (heat). With rupture of the follicle,bleeding occurs and a blood clot forms at the ovulation site. The ruptured follicle with its blood-filled cavity is called a corpus hemorrhagicum. The outer layer,basically connective tissue,is the tunica serosa.The middle layer,composed of both circular and longitudinal smooth muscle fibers,is the tunica muscularies.The innermost layer,Which contains both ciliated and secretory epithelial cells,is the tunica mucosa.The same basic histological arrangement is found in the remainder of the female duct system with some differences in the inner two layers,which will be noted which be noted when we discuss specific organs. In sexual reproduction, two individuals produce offspring that have some of the genetic characteristics of both parents.The primary function of the human reproductive system is to produce sex cells.When a male and female sex cell unite, an offspring grows and develops. Post was not sent - check your email addresses! The ovaries are considered the primary reproductive organs in the female.They are primary because they produce the female gamete(the ovum) and the female sex hormones (estrogens and progestins).The cow,mare,and ewe are monotocous,normally giving birth to one young each gestation period.Therefore,one ovum is produced each estous cycle. The vestibule is that portion of the female duct system that is common to both the reproductive and urinary systems.It is from 10 to 12 cm inlength in cow and mare,half that length in the sow and one-quarter that length in the ewe and doe.The vestibule joins the vagina at the external urethral orufuce. Your email address will not be published. The corpus hemorrhagicum is replaced by the corpus luteum,which forms rapidly by proliferation of a mixture of theca externa,theca interna,and granulosa cells. The labia consist of the labia minora,inner folds or lips of the vulva,and labia majora,outer folds or lips of the vulva. The vagina has three functions; its the female organ of copulation at mating, its the birth canal during parturition, and it serves as an exit passage for urine. Several cell layers in the Graafian follicle have been identified and are of functional importance. With union forms the placeta,nutrients trom maternal blood can be transferred to embryonic or fetal blood and waste products from embryonic and fetal blood can be eliminated through the maternal systems. Mare – In horses, the female is called a mare. The oviducts (also called fallopian tubes) are a pair of convoluted tubes extending from near the ovaries to and becoming continuous with the tips of the uterine horns.Their functions include of ova and spermatozoa,which must be conveyed in opposite directions.In addition they are the site of fertilization and the early cell divisions of the embryo.Histologically, they contain three distinct cell layers. The outer layer, the tunica serosa,is followed by a smooth muscle layer containing both circular and longitudinal fibers.In most species the mucosal layer is composed of startified squamous epithelial cells(the cow a possible exception). DEMO SLIDE BOX 194 – (380) Ovary, cat. It allows mating to take place so that sperms are deposited . Estrus is the period of time when the ewe is receptive to the ram and will stand for mating. Decreasing photoperiod after the summer solstice causes secretion of melatonin, which triggers the hypothalamus to produce gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Growth of the foetus takes place here. The ovary od the cow is described as almond-shaped,but the shape is altered by growing follicles or copora lutea.The average size is about 35x25x15mm.The size will among cows,and active ovaries are larger than inactive ovaries.Therfore,one ovary is frequently larger than the other in agiven cow.The ovaries of the ewe and doe (goat) are almond-shaped and less than half the size of those of a cow.The ovaries in the mare are kidney-shaped and are two or three times larger than ovarie of a cow.The ovaries in the sow are slightly larger than those found in the ewe and appears as a “cluster of grapes”. There is a prominent uterine body anterior to the cervical cannal and two uterine horns thet are not as long and distinct as in the bicornuate type. While technically a part of the uterus,the cervix will be discussed as a distinct organ. Tags goat, goat reproduction Post navigation. The major function of the uterus is to retain and nourish the embryo,or fetus. There are 88 to 96 in ewes and does,and these are smaller than in cows. The female reproductive tract consists of the vulva labia, vagina (copulatory organ), cervix, body of the uterus, uterine horns, oviduct (also called Fallopian tube) and the ovary. Ovulation occurs late in the period. The origin of the ovaries is the secondary sex cords of the genital ridge. This union forms the placenta,and the process is called placetation. Ewes typically reach puberty at 5 to 12 months, depending on breed, nutrition, and date of birth. Getting all aspect of agricultural records and updates for quality farm products. The average maximum size of 20.5mm is reached in 15 or 16 days in a heifer that is not pregnant.It then regresses in size with an average diameter of 12.5 mm at 18 to 21 days.When the corpus luteum regresses,it no longer produces progestins.It loss its yellowish color,eventually appearing as a small white scar on the surface of the ovary,which is called a corpus albican.If the animal is pregnant,the corpus luteum will not regress until late pregnancy for most species,but species differences do exist. Inhibin: Secretes from Sustentacular cells of the testis and blocks the secretion of pituitary-FSH and control spermatogenesis.. Sustentacular cells produces large quantity of estrogen hormone in pathological condition (tumor) leading to feminization of animals. The Female Tubular Genital Tract Except for the vestibule, which develops from the urogenital sinus, the female genital tract is derived from the embryonic paramesonephric ducts. The granulosa cells surrounding and in immediate contact with the potential ovum are termed the corona radiata.Boththeca interna and granulosa cells are involved in production of estrogen.The theory is that the theca interna cells produce tetosterone,which diffuses through the basement membrane for conversion to estrogen by the granulosa cells.
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