[7] They visited Professor Samuel Lee at Cambridge University and assisted him in the preparation of a grammar and vocabulary of Māori. [33] This change recognises the issue of Māori revitalisation as one of indigenous self-determination, instead of the job of the government to identify what would be best for the language and Māori people of New Zealand. 123–135. Even many of those people no longer spoke Māori in their homes. For younger speakers, it is fronted [ʉ] everywhere, as with the corresponding phoneme in New Zealand English. 3. Some older texts represent long vowels with double letters (for example: Maaori rather than Māori); for modern exceptions see § Long vowels below. [34], The policies for language revitalisation have been changing in attempts to improve Māori language use and have been working with suggestions from the Waitangi Tribunal on the best ways to implement the revitalisation. Many other words such as "whānau" (meaning "family") and "kai" (meaning "food") are also widely understood and used by New Zealanders. Occasional and inconsistent vowel-length markings occur in 19th-century manuscripts and newspapers written by Māori, including macron-like diacritics and doubling of letters. Sep 24, 2020 - Explore Stacey Winter's board "Maori language" on Pinterest. The major differences occur in the pronunciation of words, variation of vocabulary, and idiom. The major differences occur in the pronunciation of words, variation of vocabulary, and idiom. Page 2 – History of the Māori language. Māori (/ ˈ m aʊ r i /; Māori pronunciation: [ˈ m aː ɔ ɾ i] listen), also known as te reo ('the language'), is an Eastern Polynesian language spoken by the Māori people, the indigenous population of New Zealand.Closely related to Cook Islands Māori, Tuamotuan, and Tahitian, it gained recognition as one of New Zealand's official languages in 1987. 'Ideas of Māori origins – 1920s–2000: new understandings', Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 4-Mar-09. Biggs identifies five types of bases. [5], In 2019, Kotahi Rau Pukapuka Trust began work on publishing a sizeable library of local and international literature in the language. "Māori Dialectology and the Settlement of New Zealand". Māori is the language spoken by the indigenous Māori people of New Zealand, mainly in the North Island, and it has been one of New Zealand’s 3 official languages since 1987. Current anthropological thinking places their origin in eastern Polynesia, mostly likely from the Southern Cook or Society Islands region, and says that they arrived by deliberate voyages in seagoing canoes[23]—possibly double-hulled, and probably sail-rigged. Benton, R. A. Closely related to Cook Islands Māori, Tuamotuan, and Tahitian, it gained recognition as one of New Zealand's official languages in 1987. (1988). Definitives include the articles te (singular) and ngā (plural)[106] and the possessive prepositions tā and tō. There was originally no native writing system for Māori. For example, as above, /u/ is sometimes realised as [ʉ]. In TÅ«hoe and the Eastern Bay of Plenty (northeastern North Island) ⟨ng⟩ has merged with ⟨n⟩. The plural is made by deleting the initial [t]. In these cases the word order changes to SVO. It falls preferentially on the first long vowel, on the first diphthong if there is no long vowel (though for some speakers never a final diphthong), and on the first syllable otherwise. "The, Māori Language Week (Te Wiki o te Reo Māori), "Ngā puna kōrero: Where Māori speak te reo – infographic", "Google and Disney join rush to cash in as Māori goes mainstream", NZETC: Maori Wars of the Nineteenth Century, 1816, "Māori Language Act 1987 No 176 (as at 30 April 2016), Public Act Contents – New Zealand Legislation", New Zealand Department of Internal Affairs, Definitions of Māori words used in New Zealand English, "Dedicated Parliamentary Seats for Indigenous Peoples: Political Representation as an Element of Indigenous Self-Determination", "Te Ture mō Te Reo Māori 2016 No 17 (as at 01 March 2017), Public Act 7 Right to speak Māori in legal proceedings – New Zealand Legislation", "New Zealand Gazetteer of Official Geographic Names", https://teara.govt.nz/en/ideas-about-maori-origins/page-5, "Story: Māori education – mātauranga", "Rosina Wiparata: A Legacy of Māori Language Education", "Harry Potter to be translated into te reo Māori", Te reo Māori card game Tākaro moves into production after kickstarter campaign, "Encouraging te reo Māori through hand-crafted taonga for children", https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/te-manu-korihi/118294/rapanui-expedition-reveals-similarities-to-te-reo-maori, "Māori Language Issues – Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Māori", "Census 2016, Language spoken at home by Sex (SA2+)", "Sample of Writing by Shunghie [Hongi Hika] on board the Active", "What's that little line? It’s closely related to the language spoken in the Cook Islands (known as Cook Islands Māori or Rarotongan). However, elsewhere it is sometimes trilled. "Indigenous struggle for the transformation of education and schooling". Verbal particles indicate aspectual, tense related or modal properties of the verb to which they relate to. All 38 language packs are available for Windows 10 and Windows Server 2016. This percentage has been in decline in recent years, from around a quarter of the population to 21 per cent. Thomas Kendall published a book in 1815 entitled A korao no New Zealand, which in modern orthography and usage would be He Kōrero nō Aotearoa. Some married Māori women and had children who were bilingual. Japanese r). Likewise, Dunedin's main research library, the Hocken Collections, has the name Uare Taoka o Hākena rather than the northern (standard) Te Whare Taonga o Hākena. "The Maori language in New Zealand education". These ways of hearing have given rise to place-name spellings which are incorrect in Māori, like Tolaga Bay in the North Island and Otago and Waihola in the South Island. These settlers probably arrived by about AD 1280 (see Māori origins). Different first-person forms in both the dual and the plural are used for groups inclusive or exclusive of the listener. Holmes, J. In Sutton (Ed. [97] Grammars generally refer to them as "stative verbs". In borrowings from English, many consonants are substituted by the nearest available Māori consonant. Different first-person forms in both the dual and the plural are used for groups inclusive or exclusive of the listener. [35], Beginning in about 2015, the Māori language underwent a revival as it became increasingly popular, as a common national heritage, even among New Zealanders without Māori roots. (1994), pp. Macrons (tohutō) are now the standard means of indicating long vowels,[55] after becoming the favoured option of the Māori Language Commission—set up by the Māori Language Act 1987 to act as the authority for Māori spelling and orthography. [108], Demonstratives occur after the noun and have a deictic function, and include tēnei, this (near me), tēnā, that (near you), tērā, that (far from us both), and taua, the aforementioned (anaphoric). Increasing numbers of Māori raise their children bilingually. Mātou refers to the speaker and others but not the person or persons spoken to ("I and some others but not you"), and tātou refers to the speaker, the person or persons spoken to and everyone else ("you, I and others"):[110], The possessive pronouns vary according to person, number, clusivity, and possessive class (a class or o class). [113], The nucleus whare can be translated as "house", the periphery te is similar to an article "the" and the periphery nei indicates proximity to the speaker. tā tātou karaihe (our class), tō rāua whare (their [dual] house); ā tātou karaihe (our classes). As a result, many Māori children failed to learn their ancestral language, and generations of non-Māori-speaking Māori emerged.[28]. Te Taura Whiri will also need increased powers. [124] The use of the passive suffix -ia is given in this sentence: Kua hangaia te marae e ngā tohunga (The marae has been built by the experts). (1984). Surveys from 2018 indicated that "the Māori language currently enjoys a high status in Māori society and also positive acceptance by the majority of non-Māori New Zealanders". Statistics have not been gathered for the prevalence of different levels of competence. Phew, huh? However, the number of speakers In the same census, Māori speakers were 3.7 per cent of the total population. It falls preferentially on the first long vowel, on the first diphthong if there is no long vowel (though for some speakers never a final diphthong), and on the first syllable otherwise. Although any short vowel combinations are possible, researchers disagree on which combinations constitute diphthongs. [122] Each example of a negative phrase is presented with its analogue positive phrase for comparison. "matua wahine" (mother, female elder) from "matua" (parent, elder) "wahine" (woman). The personal pronouns have a distinction in clusivity, singular, dual and plural numbers,[88] and the genitive pronouns have different classes (a class, o class and neutral) according to whether the possession is alienable or the possessor has control of the relationship (a category), or the possession is inalienable or the possessor has no control over the relationship (o category), and a third neutral class that only occurs for singular pronouns and must be followed by a noun.[89]. )(1994), pp. Bauer 1993: 537. The proper article a always being the phrase with the personal noun. AUT's te reo Māori courses combine cutting edge technology with quality, fun teaching. There followed in 1985 the founding of the first Kura Kaupapa Māori (Years 1 to 8 Māori-medium education programme) and later the first Wharekura (Years 9 to 13 Māori-medium education programme). tā tātou karaihe (our class), tō rāua whare (their [dual] house); ā tātou karaihe (our classes). Missionaries arriving from about 1814 learned to speak Māori, and introduced the Latin alphabet. [5], The 2013 New Zealand census reported that about 149,000 people, or 3.7% of the New Zealand population, could hold a conversation in Māori about everyday things. Māori writer Hare Hongi (Henry Stowell) used macrons in his Maori-English Tutor and Vade Mecum of 1911,[54] as does Sir Āpirana Ngata (albeit inconsistently) in his Maori Grammar and Conversation (7th printing 1953). Anne Salmond[50] records aghee for aki (In the year 1773, from the North Island East Coast, p. 98), Toogee and E tanga roak for Tuki and Tangaroa (1793, Northland, p216), Kokramea, Kakramea for Kakaramea (1801, Hauraki, p261), toges for toki(s), Wannugu for Uenuku and gumera for kumara (1801, Hauraki, p261, p266, p269), Weygate for Waikato (1801, Hauraki, p277), Bunga Bunga for pungapunga, tubua for tupua and gure for kurÄ« (1801, Hauraki, p279), as well as Tabooha for Te Puhi (1823, Northern Northland, p385). [5] The language became increasingly heard in the media and in politics. The English word comes from the Māori language, where it is spelled Māori. [33] This change recognises the issue of Māori revitalisation as one of indigenous self-determination, instead of the job of the government to identify what would be best for the language and Māori people of New Zealand. The Endeavour Journal of Sir Joseph Banks, 9 October 1769: "we again advancd to the river side with Tupia, who now found that the language of the people was so like his own that he could tolerably well understand them and they him.". [8] The missionaries of the Church Missionary Society (CMS) did not have a high regard for this book. In 2018 Māori Language Week runs from 10-16 September. Māori writer Hare Hongi (Henry Stowell) used macrons in his Maori-English Tutor and Vade Mecum of 1911,[54] as does Sir Āpirana Ngata (albeit inconsistently) in his Maori Grammar and Conversation (7th printing 1953). [citation needed], Māori still[update] is a community language in some predominantly-Māori settlements in the Northland, Urewera and East Cape areas. Despite being officially regarded as extinct,[84] many government and educational agencies in Otago and Southland encourage the use of the dialect in signage[85] and official documentation. At Auckland University, Professor Bruce Biggs (of Ngāti Maniapoto descent) promoted the use of double vowels (e.g. However, younger Māori speakers tend to aspirate /p, t, k/ as in English. In the meantime, Scotty Morrison in conjunction with Waatea has created a series of Some distinctive markings among the kōwhaiwhai (rafter paintings) of meeting houses were used as mnemonics in reciting whakapapa (genealogy) but again, there was no systematic relation between marks and meanings. Macrons (tohutō) are now the standard means of indicating long vowels,[55] after becoming the favoured option of the Māori Language Commission—set up by the Māori Language Act 1987 to act as the authority for Māori spelling and orthography. Stress is typically within the last four vowels of a word, with long vowels and diphthongs counting double. "Education, language decline and language revitalisation: The case of Maori in New Zealand". English speakers also tend to hear Māori /r/ as English /l/ in certain positions (cf. Upload media Wikipedia Wikivoyage: Instance of: language, modern language, vulnerable language: Subclass of: Tahitic languages: Location: New Zealand: ISO 639-1 code: mi; 40° 00′ 00″ S, 176° 00′ 00″ E: Authority control [83] This same elision is found in numerous other southern placenames, such as the two small settlements called The Kaik (from the term for a fishing village, kainga in standard Māori), near Palmerston and Akaroa, and the early spelling of Lake Wakatipu as Wagadib. In standard Māori, Wakatipu would have been rendered Whakatipua, showing further the elision of a final vowel. [71] Formant frequency analysis distinguish /aÄ­/, /aĕ/, /aŏ/, /aÅ­/, /oÅ­/ as diphthongs.[72]. While the preceding are all distinct languages, they remain similar enough that Tupaia, a Tahitian travelling with Captain James Cook in 1769–1770, communicated effectively with Māori. The first Māori TV channel, Aotearoa Television Network (ATN) was available to viewers in the Auckland region from 1996 but lasted for only one year. Some 50,000 people report that they speak the language well or very well; Negation for copulative phrases, topicalized and equative phrases, the ongoing loss of older native speakers who have spearheaded the, complacency brought about by the very existence of the institutions which drove the revival, concerns about quality, with the supply of good teachers never matching demand (even while that demand has been shrinking), excessive regulation and centralised control, which has alienated some of those involved in the movement. -anga, -hanga, -ranga, -tanga (-ness, -ity) (the suffix depends on whether the verb takes, respectively, the -ia, -hia, -ria or -tia passive suffixes) (e.g. ", "Mātauranga hangarau – information technology – Māori language on the internet", "Why Stuff is introducing macrons for te reo Māori words", "Seven Sharp - Why are macrons so important in te reo Māori", "Official language to receive our best efforts", "Mātauranga hangarau – information technology - Māori language on the internet", "Te Wiki o Te Reo Maaori Discovery Trail - Waikato Museum", "Māori Language Week 2017 - Hamilton City Council", "Proposed District Plan (Stage 1) 13 Definitions", "Taxes - Tax, ideology and international comparisons", Brief (200) Word Description of the Māori Language, Ngata Māori–English English–Māori Dictionary, Te Aka Māori-English, English-Māori Dictionary and Index, A Dictionary of the Maori Language by Herbert W. Williams, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Māori_language&oldid=1009805112, All Wikipedia articles written in New Zealand English, Language articles with speaker number undated, Language articles without reference field, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2020, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008, Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. [81] Westland's Waitangitaona River became two distinct rivers after an avulsion, each named in a differing dialect. Nearly all speakers are ethnic Māori resident in New Zealand. For example, the kiwi, the national bird, takes its name from te reo. Kohanga reo Māori-immersion kindergartens throughout New Zealand use Māori exclusively. However, the number of speakers In the same census, Māori speakers were 3.7 per cent of the total population. Benton, N. (1989). [74] The fact that English ⟨f⟩ gets substituted by ⟨p⟩ and not ⟨wh⟩ in borrowings (for example, English February becomes Pēpuere instead of *Whēpuere) would strongly hint that the Māori did not perceive English /f/ to be the same sound as their ⟨wh⟩. The following table shows the five vowel phonemes and the allophones for some of them according to Bauer 1997 and Harlow 2006. [91] Plurality is marked by various means, including the definite article (singular te, plural ngā),[92] deictic particles "tērā rākau" (that tree), "ērā rākau" (those trees),[93] possessives "taku whare" (my house), "aku whare" (my houses). For younger speakers, they are both [a]. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. [21], In 2008, Land Information New Zealand published the first list of official place names with macrons, which indicate long vowels. The Māori greetings "tēnā koe" (to one person), "tēnā kōrua" (to two people) or "tēnā koutou" (to three or more people) are also widely used, as are farewells such as "haere rā". [81] Westland's Waitangitaona River became two distinct rivers after an avulsion, each named in a differing dialect. Now its sole official name is Aoraki / Mount Cook, which favours the local dialect form. The commission based the months of the year on one of the traditional tribal lunar calendars.[132]. Now, with the help of Microsoft AI, they’re launching te reo Māori as a language in Microsoft Translator. The first Māori TV channel, Aotearoa Television Network (ATN) was available to viewers in the Auckland region from 1996 but lasted for only one year. Despite being officially regarded as extinct,[84] many government and educational agencies in Otago and Southland encourage the use of the dialect in signage[85] and official documentation. [91] Plurality is marked by various means, including the definite article (singular te, plural ngā),[92] deictic particles "tērā rākau" (that tree), "ērā rākau" (those trees),[93] possessives "taku whare" (my house), "aku whare" (my houses). Bauer, Winifred; Evans, Te Kareongawai & Parker, William (2001). Māori had no written language, but the symbolic meanings embodied in carving, knots and weaving were widely understood. [60], Technical limitations in producing macronised vowels on typewriters and older computer systems are sometimes resolved by using a diaeresis instead of a macron (e.g., Mäori).[61]. Polynesian language spoken by New Zealand Māori, "Te Reo" redirects here. These variations had their origins in the fact that the ancestors of modern Māori came by canoe from different villages and islands in eastern Polynesia. [33], There is however evidence that the revitalisation efforts are taking hold, as can be seen in the teaching of te reo in the school curriculum, the use of Māori as an instructional language, and the supportive ideologies surrounding these efforts. This percentage has been in decline in recent years, from around a quarter of the population to 21 per cent. "[79] Vocabulary and pronunciation vary to a greater extent, but this does not pose barriers to communication. However, younger Māori speakers tend to aspirate /p, t, k/ as in English. Some distinctive markings among the kōwhaiwhai (rafter paintings) of meeting houses were used as mnemonics in reciting whakapapa (genealogy) but again, there was no systematic relation between marks and meanings. In standard Māori, Wakatipu would have been rendered Whakatipua, showing further the elision of a final vowel. KÄ«hai and tē are two negators which may be seen in specific dialects or older texts, but are not widely used. [17], An interpreter is on hand at sessions of the New Zealand Parliament for instances when a Member wishes to speak in Māori. The Māori phrase "Ka kite ano" means 'until I see you again' is quite commonly used. [56][57] Most media now use macrons; Stuff websites and newspapers since 2017,[58] TVNZ[59] and NZME websites and newspapers since 2018. "Moriori and Māori: The Linguistic Evidence" In Sutton (ed.) In the 1860s, it became a minority language in the shadow of the English spoken by many settlers, missionaries, gold-seekers, and traders. In New Zealand, the Māori language is often referred to as te reo [tɛ ˈɾɛ.ɔ] ('the language'), short for te reo Māori. Businesses were quick to adopt the trend as it became apparent that using te reo made customers think of a company as "committed to New Zealand". [27] Some Māori children who spoke Te Reo at school were physically disciplined which contributed to the decline in the Te Reo language in the 1940s to 1980s. "Most of the tribal variation in grammar is a matter of preferences: speakers of one area might prefer one grammatical form to another, but are likely on occasion to use the non-preferred form, and at least to recognise and understand it. The indefinite article is used when the base is used indefinitely or nominally. This survey showed a 62% response saying that te reo Māori was at risk. Materials on Maori are included in the open access, This page was last edited on 2 March 2021, at 11:03. There is no significant variation in grammar between dialects. [115] If the sentence is topicalized (agent topic, only in non-present sentences) the particle nā begins the sentence (past tense) or the mā (future, imperfective) followed by the agent/subject. Syllables in Māori have one of the following forms: V, VV, CV, CVV. [108], Demonstratives occur after the noun and have a deictic function, and include tēnei, this (near me), tēnā, that (near you), tērā, that (far from us both), and taua, the aforementioned (anaphoric). New Zealand English has gained many loanwords from Māori, mainly the names of birds, plants, fishes and places. "Maori and Pakeha English: Some New Zealand Social Dialect Data". [12][18] Māori may be spoken in judicial proceedings, but any party wishing to do so must notify the court in advance to ensure an interpreter is available. [69] With younger speakers, /ai, au/ start with a higher vowel than the [a] of /ae, ao/. [13], Preferred and alternate pronunciations in English vary by dictionary, with /ˈmaʊri/ being most frequent today, and /mɑːˈɒri/, /ˈmɔːri/, and /ˈmɑːri/ also given, while the 'r' is always a rolled r.[14], New Zealand has three official languages: English, Māori, and New Zealand Sign Language. For older speakers, /u/ is only fronted after /t/; elsewhere it is [u]. "Maori education: Revolution and transformative action". It can be seen that the active sentence contains the object marker 'i', that is not present in the passive sentence, while the passive sentence has the agent marker 'e', which is not present in the active sentence. Current anthropological thinking places their origin in eastern Polynesia, mostly likely from the Southern Cook or Society Islands region, and says that they arrived by deliberate voyages in seagoing canoes —possibly double-hulled, and probably sail-rigged. [4] The decline is believed "to have several underlying causes". (which? [89], A phrase spoken in Māori can be broken up into two parts: the “nucleus” or "head" and “periphery” (modifiers, determiners). Another allophone is the bilabial fricative, IPA [ɸ], which is usually supposed to be the sole pre-European pronunciation, although linguists are not sure of the truth of this supposition. Maaori); this style was standard there until Biggs died in 2000. From 1814, missionaries tried to define the sounds of the language. As reported in the 2013 national census, only 21.31 per cent of Māori (self-identified) had a conversational knowledge of the language, and only around 6.5 per cent of those speakers, 1.4 per cent of the total Māori population, spoke the Māori language only. Example: tāku pene (my pen), āku pene (my pens). 100 Māori words for everyday usage. Spolsky, B.. (2003). These ways of hearing have given rise to place-name spellings which are incorrect in Māori, like Tolaga Bay in the North Island and Otago and Waihola in the South Island. [90] The lexical word forms the "base" of the phrase. Clark, Ross (1994). This is the Maori alphabet. The Māori language (te reo) is an official language in New Zealand. In the southwest of the island, in the Whanganui and Taranaki regions, the phoneme ⟨h⟩ is a glottal stop and the phoneme ⟨wh⟩ is [ʔw]. Once the Māori language was taught in universities in the 1960s, vowel-length marking was made systematic. Only a minority of self-professed speakers use Māori as their main language at home. From the mid 1800s, due to the Native Schools Act and later the Native Schools Code, the use of Māori in schools was slowly filtered out of the curriculum in order to become more European. In Sutton (Ed. [68] As noted above, it has recently become standard in Māori spelling to indicate a long vowel with a macron. [25], Before 1880, some Māori parliamentarians suffered disadvantages because Parliament's proceedings took place in English. Smith, G. H. (2003). For older speakers, long vowels tend to be more peripheral and short vowels more centralised, especially with the low vowel, which is long [aː] but short [ɐ]. [5] The language became increasingly heard in the media and in politics. We are entering test phase of our Speak Māori software and will look to launch full access to this in early 2018. Redwoodtown School makes their mark on Māori Language Moment. /ɾ/ is typically a flap, especially before /a/. Autonym. Biggs proposed that historically there were two major dialect groups, North Island and South Island, and that South Island Māori is extinct. [121] The four main negators are as follows:[121]. who? [24] Increasing numbers of Māori people learned English. These phrases can be identified as an indefinite nominal phrase. The subject is usually raised in negative phrases, although this is not obligatory. Thomas Kendall travelled to London with Hongi Hika and Waikato (a lower-ranking Ngāpuhi chief) in 1820, during which time further work was done with Professor Lee, who gave phonetic spellings to a written form of the language, which resulted in a definitive orthography based on Northern usage.
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